MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 5 Case Assignment Essay

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 5 Case Assignment - Essay Example This paper will discuss these two articles in such a way as to begin to understand the management style needed today. It would be interesting to note that there has always been management controversy. There are those that believe that "management is a set o processes that can keep a complicated system of people and technology running smoothly" (Kotter, 1998, pg 26). There are also those that believe as Kennedy (1998) that "old style management is out. Younger workers do not want to be managed". According to Kennedy, workers want to be taught to manage their positions themselves and they judge their managers by the ability to do this. Kotter, on the other hand would say that workers are looking for management based on the different among them. For example, how you need to be managed is different than how your friend needs to be managed. Looking seriously at the Kennedy article and the Sun article, it is noted that there are some differences as well as some disagreements. Sun (2009) is suggesting ten ways to manage to stay out of trouble when it comes to the politics in the office and Kennedy (1998) is suggesting that the new generation of employees really does not care about what others think, that the next job is just down the road and if they get a bad recommendation, they will deal with it. Kennedy also believes that direct reports are the audience and that should be remembered and at the same time Sun indicates that it important that direct reports do not see that you might get involved in office politics. It also appears in Kennedys article that the newer generation of healthcare workers has a tendency to use the grapevine for passing information or gaining information and Sun (2009) warns not to get involved in the gossip sessions that occur in the office, especially not those that may be putting down the org anization or the boss. It is quite interesting as we look at this subject that the Kennedy article and

The Tribes In The Indian Censuses History Essay

The Tribes In The Indian Censuses History Essay The idea of tribes is particularly complex in the Indian subcontinent, where indigenous/primitive in ­habitants were neither eliminated, nor quite absorbed, by the rising civilization in the course of history. It is plain enough that the demography of tribal people cannot loom large in Indias overall demographic scene (the formers relative size being only a little more than 8%). But, as we will see, demographic features in tribal societies have often been distinct and/or rather distinguished both in historical and comparative perspectives. In particular, the chief object of the present paper is to evaluate the overall demographic features and their common sociocultural underpinnings in the aggregate tribal population, in comparison, particularly, with their closest counterparts, namely, the lower caste (officially known as scheduled caste (SC)) people and others. Apart from illuminating useful insights into the nature and strength of the well-known connection between sociocultural milieus and demographic behaviour, this paper throws fresh light on the Indian notion of the tribe and its comparative position vis-à  -vis the mainstream since the late 19th century, especially in the contempor ary context of develop ­ment and globalization. Key Terms: Tribes, Demographic Patterns, Socio-Economic, Sociocultural Characteristics Introduction The notion/identity of tribes is particularly complex in the Indian subcontinent, where indigenous/primitive in ­habitants were neither eliminated, nor quite absorbed, by the rising civilization in the course of history. For example, although Indias tribes have been studied intensively (and exten ­sively) for many decades, both before and after independence, they appear as obscure as ever (Xaxa 1999). While they have often been glorified (particularly by older-generation anthropologists), their popular image has remained rather vague, indif ­ferent, and indeed, full of misconceptions and folklore. Despite substantial accumulation of literature (official and non-official alike) on the (relative) vulnerability of tribes, despite countless laws enacted for protecting their rights, and despite about half the countrys mineral and forest resources belonging to tribal areas, they remain the most underdeveloped community (Jones 1978). All this clearly reflects a resolute ambivalence on the part of the Indian state towards tribes (who fetch a numerically insignificant fraction of electoral support). It is plain enough that the demography of tribal people cannot loom large in Indias overall demographic scene (the formers relative size being only a little more than 8%). But, as we will see, demographic features in tribal societies have often been distinct and/or rather distinguished both in historical and comparative perspectives. In particular, the chief object of the present paper is to evaluate the overall demographic features and their common sociocultural underpinnings in the aggregate tribal population, in comparison, particularly, with their closest counterparts, namely, the lower caste (officially known as scheduled caste (SC)) people and others. Apart from illuminating useful insights into the nature and strength of the well known connection between sociocultural milieus and demographic behaviour, this paper throws fresh light on the Indian notion of the tribe and its comparative position vis-à  -vis the mainstream since the late 19th century, especially in the contempor ary context of develop ­ment and globalization. For example, Indias large-scale develop ­ment initiatives in the post-independence period are often being seen by scholars to have induced a shifting orientation in tribal studies, namely, from a focus on tribes as communities to a view of them as subjects of modernization and development or as their victims (Xaxa, 2003). Our present aggregative approach, of course, departs from anthropologists (and probably of many others) overriding per ­ception that a study/analysis of aggregate tribal people can hardly make sense. However, the latter view is not always unquestionable. First, this (anthropological) perspective though it has for long dominated Indias tribal discourse, has arguably failed to provide cohesive and consistent statements on the pre ­dicaments of tribal people as a whole and on their effective rem ­edies. As the report of an Advisory Committee on the Revision of the lists of SCs and scheduled tribes (STs) had observed in 1965, it would be in the best interest of these communities if they are taken out from the list of scheduled castes and tribes and are treated exclu ­sively as a distinctive group, with development schemes specially de ­signed to suit their dominant characteristics Second, since diversities sociocultural, environmental, and geophysical are as much (or at least no less) germane to the tribal and non-tribal populations alike, it is pertinent to wonder as to why only tribal diversity, rather than commonality, should deserve academic priority and attention. If aggregate (or aver ­age) tribal patterns say, demographic and sociocultural are distinct from those of their non-tribal counterparts, the former could well be treated as one entity vis-à  -vis the latter. Thus, while not denying the value of anthropological methods and micro-level studies, we adopt here an aggregative approach which we believe to be useful to policy formulation for Indias overall tribal people. Tribes in the Indian Censuses India is one of very few non-western countries for which detailed decennial census information is available since as back as the 1870s. The census reports and statistical tables have since been presenting demographic information separately for the tribal population and often for many individual tribes. However, the census information, like most other large-scale data, is not per ­fect, calling for appropriate caution in drawing conclusions. In examining the long-term trends, the question of comparability of data from one census to other could be of key importance, while in a comparative demographic analysis of two sub-populations for a single census year the question of relative accuracy and coverage would be of greater significance. In the censuses of British India (except in 1941), religion was one prominent criterion for classification of the countrys popula ­tion, with tribes being categorized as those practicing hundreds of different primitive religions. In fact, they used to be classified as animists until the 1931 Census, in which they were enumer ­ated under the heading tribal religion. Thus, up to 1941, the use of religious category in the census enumeration enabled the au ­thorities to bypass many complex issues anthropological, socio ­logical and historical involved in the notion and/or identity of diverse tribes across the country. It was only in 1941 that the tribals were defined, for the first time in the history of the Indian census, not in terms of their religion or faith, but their origin. In fact, this major shift in the criterion of enumeration brought in a serious difficulty of compa ­rability between 1941 and the preceding census enumerations (Davis, 1951). Around the time of Indias independence, a serious rethinking on the notion of the tribe or tribal identity was initiated by political leaders who wanted tribal and other backward sections to bring gradually through affection, friendli ­ness and some special protections and provisions to the main ­stream levels. The Constitution of India empowered the president to declare any tribal community or part thereof as a scheduled tribe eligible for those special provisions and benefits. With the adoption of the Constitution in 1950, the president promulgated in the same year a list of STs and scheduled areas, which was based, in a large measure, on the list of backward tribes promul ­gated in 1936 by the British colonial administration. At the first census of independent India in 1951, the number of scheduled tribal communities or part thereof was 212, with specific areas being earmarked for each. The Constitution provisions, thus, sealed the boundaries between tribe and non-tribe and gave to the tribal identity a kind of definiteness it lacked in the past (Bà ©teille, 1986). Thus, since the 1950s, there emerged not only a definite tribal identity with legal sanction, but also a dis ­tinct political interest forging that identity. Without laying down specific criteria for scheduling a tribe, the Constitution has empowered the president of the country to appoint a backward classes commission, with three major tasks: to evaluate conditions of socially backward classes; recommend policy for amelioration of their hardships and deprivations; and re-examine the existing list of STs for suggesting its revision, if necessary. The first such backward classes commission was appointed in 1953, which came up with a recommendation for declaring some additional communities as scheduled. Accord ­ingly, a modified (and enlarged) list of STs was notified by the president in 1956, and the list was published under SCs and STs (Modification) Order, 1956. Consequently, by the 1961 Census, the number of STs rose to 427 (which was an increase by more than twice the number at the 1951 Census), and to 432 by the Census of 1971. Owing to various problems and complaints, the Removal of Area Restrictions (Amendment) Act of 1976 was passed to remove the area restriction on tribal identity, and, henceforth, the list of STs was made applicable to all areas in a state. Conse ­quently, STs began to mean, for all practical purposes, tribal population of the country. Difficulties, of course, remained due, inter alia, to the varying definition of a tribe, by changes to the list of officially recognised tribes, by qualitative deficiencies in demographic data, administrative changes to Indias regions and by the reclassification of tribes as castes (Wiercinski, 1996). But these possible defects of census data have not usually been so serious as to obliterate the discernible distinctions in demographic features and parameters between the tribal and mainstream populations. The preparation of schedules for tribal and lower caste people had occurred simultaneously. Although there might have been some anomalies in the official recording of these two social identities, this does not preclude the possibility of fruitful and imaginative use of census information (at least) for some specific purposes. In fact, census data do often depict contrasting demographic patterns/outcomes between these two social groups. Unsurpris ­ingly, these two groups do not seem historically to have been much different in terms of economic levels and footings, but they have been pretty distinct socioculturally. Therefore, it should be illuminating if tribal demographic patterns and trends are examined in comparison with those of the SC population. Understanding tribes in the light of their demographic trends, patterns, and outcomes should provide useful insights into the evolution of the notion of tribes and their relative social position. Demographic Patterns and Trends of Indian Tribes Table 1: Long-Term Trends in Population and Its Growth, and Sex-Ratio, Total and Tribal Populations, India (1881-2001) Year Total Population Tribal Population Decadal Growth Rate (%) Sex-Ratio (Female Per 1,000 Males) No. % Total Tribal Total Tribal 1881 25,01,55,050 64,26,511 2.57 954 1891 27,95,75,324 91,12,018 3.26 11.76 41.79 958 992 1901 28,38,67,584 81,84,758 2.88 1.54 -10.18 972 1,021 1911 30,30,04,354 95,93,695 3.17 6.74 17.21 964 1,016 1921 30,57,26,528 90,72,024 3.00 0.89 -7.2 955 996 1931 33,76,75,361 76,29,959 2.45 10.45 -15.9 950 1,009 1941 38,89,97,955(a) 87,91,354(b) 2.26 15.20 6.17 945 985 Independent India 1951* 36,10,88,090 1,91,11,498 5.29 946 1,021 1961 43,92,34,771 3,01,30,184 23.10 33.84* 941 987 1971 54,81,59,652 3,80,15,162 6.93 24.80 26.17 930 982 1981(c) 66,52,87,849 5,16,28,638 7.76 24.69 [emailprotected] 934 983 1991(d) 83,85,83,988 6,77,58,380 8.08 23.79 25.68 927 972 2001 1,02,86,10,328 8,43,26,240 8.20 22.70 24.50 933 977 (a) Includes 23,31,332 persons in North-West Frontier Province not enumerated by religion, but believed to be Muslim. (b) In view of a change in classification in the 1941 Census, this is an estimate made for the purpose of achieving comparability with the figures of tribal population identified as Animists till 1931 or as people practising tribal religion in 1931 Census of tribal population in 1941, derived after adjustments to the enumerated population of tribal origin. See Davis (1951), Appendix J for adjustments and assumptions involved in obtaining this estimate. (c) Excludes Assam. The decadal growth rate during 1971-81 has been calculated by excluding the population of Assam. (d) Excludes Jammu and Kashmir. The decadal growth rate during 1981-91 has been calculated excluding population of both Assam and Jammu and Kashmir. * See note 1below; + for India and Pakistan together (Visaria 1968, Table 2.9); @ This has been calculated on the basis of revised estimate of tribal population for 1971 (which is 3,94,89,232 excluding Assam) after taking account of the abolition of hitherto imposed area restriction for most tribes by an act of Parliament in 1976, which resulted in larger population of several tribes in many states according to 1971 Census than were actually enumerated (see Sinha 1986, Tables 4.1, 4.2, and Appendix). In fact, the office of the registrar general worked the revised population of tribals for states where the revision was necessary (see commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 1977; and also Sinha 1993). (1) In 1951 Census the tribal population was for the first time enumerated according to a statutory list of scheduled tribes notified by the president under Article 342 of the Constitution, which was enlarged through modification as per order in 1956. According to the 1956 Modification order the tribal population for the 1951 Census was revised upward as being 2, 25, 11, 584, with the revised percentage rising to 6.23. Since tribal population in 1961 was enumerated according to the 1956 Modification list of scheduled tribes, the decadal growth rate of tribal population during 1951-61 has been calculated on the basis of this revised tribal population for 1951. Source: For the British India figures, Davis (1951), Table 77, p 179; and Mamoria (1958), p 26; Natarajan (1971), p 9. For post-independence period, see Census Reports, Nag (1984), 15-16; Bose (1996), Government of India (2004). We now examine the broad features of long-term growth of the tribal population since the late 19th century, in comparison with the total population (Table 1). Except for three decades, namely, 1891-1901, 1911-21 and 1921-31, the aggregate tribal population did register increases. For example, during 1881-91, the enumer ­ated total population increased by about 12%, while the increase recorded for the tribal population was three and half times larger. This could be due to improvements in enumeration cover ­age of tribal peoples in remote and isolated terrains. However, over the following decade of 1891-1901, the tribal population had experienced a substantial decline in its absolute number vis-à  -vis an increase in the total population. This (arguably) re ­flects a greater mortality toll among the former in the two large-scale famines of 1896-97 and 1899-1900. But in the following decade, 1901-11, the enumerated tribal population had increased much faster than the general popu lation. This could be due to a lessened severity of famines in terms of frequency, scale and coverage, and also (presumably) due to quicker recovery in the post-famine years (e g, through higher than normal levels of fertility) of the tribal population, which had suffered a greater (proportionate) population loss in the preceding major famines (Maharatna, 1996). Growth of total population was negligible during 1911-21 within which occurred the great influenza pandemic of 1918, causing a heavy toll of human lives including even considerable depopulation among tribals. Again, during 1921-31, Indian tribes appear to have experienced a decline in aggregate population, while there had been an increase in the total population. This differential seems attributable to the heightened politics over religious divisions around the 1931 Census, with, for example, an active political pressure mounting on the authorities to return everyone of doubtful status as Hindu (Davis, 1951). Furthermore, the shift of criterion from religious affiliation to tribal origin as the basis of tribal enumeration in the Census 1941 was (at least partly) responsible for a record of their com ­paratively slower increase in 1931-41 (Table 1). Except for the dra ­matic effects of famines and epidemics, the enumerated tribal population up to 1921 was growing at rates no less (or may, indeed, be sometimes higher) than those for the total population. The somewhat sluggish recorded increases of the tribal popula ­tion over the three decades preceding independence could partly be an artifact of social and political turmoil on religious lines. Another noteworthy feature of pre-independence tribal popula ­tion growth is the somewhat constancy of its proportion to the to ­tal since the late 19th century, as against secular declines in the proportion of the Hindus. While the former ranged between 2.26% and 3.26% during 1881-1941, the latter dropped from 75.1% to 69.5% (Davis, 1951). This differential, according to Kingsley Davis, was due to the higher fertility of tribal population than that of the Hindus. But there could be other possibilities as well. For example, as we argue later, this constancy of the tribal proportion could have resulted from its relatively lower mortality, not from higher fertility vis-à  -vis those of the Hindu population. In the first census of independent India in 1951, the enumer ­ated number of tribal people turned out to be more than twice its size in the preceding census, despite the Partition of India in 1947. This might have been partly because the regions (e g, north-western parts and eastern Bengal) that were carved out from erstwhile India were historically of low tribal concentration. However, this can hardly be a full explanation, especially when total population of the country declined by about 7% in 1941-51. The clue lies in the fact that enumeration of tribal and lower caste people was made for the first time on the basis of respective statutory schedules prepared and approved by the government. Many persons not considered as tribals on the criterion of their religious affiliation and/or otherwise before independence, could find themselves so identified in the 1951 Census. Thus, with the decadal growth of enumerated tribal population being higher than that of the total population in the post-independence period, the formers proportion rose from 5% in 1951 to more than 8% in 2001 (Table 1). Note, however, that the gap in these two recorded growth rates has been the highest during the 1951-61 decade, and it narrowed down over the following decades (perhaps with the exception for the 1971-81 decade). This relative inflation of ST population in the post-independence period does partly reflect expansion of ST list. As Bà ©teille (1986) observes, paradoxically, the number of communities deemed to be tribes has increased with the modernization of India between 1950 and 1976. However fairly rapid enlargement of the list of STs, especially up to the late 1970s and early 1980s, as well as the removal of the area restriction in 1976, account for the extent of the recorded surges in tribal population that took place merely through reclassification, and, hence, of redistribution of the existing population. But there is the fairly strong evidence suggesting a higher real natural growth of the tribal than that of the total population. While the estimated growth of the matched populations of STs between 1961 and 1971 turned out to be only about 1% point lower (25.3%) than that (26.2%) based on unadjusted figures, the former happened to be 1% point higher than that of the total population, affirming a higher natural growth rate among tribes vis-à  -vis general population in the post-independence period (Sinha, 1986). The relatively high growth of tribal population in the newly independent country could be related to the new development and modernization initiatives, which via changes in lifestyles, customs, values, and some material improvements with little prevalence of modern contraception, could induce rises in fertility (so-called pre-transition rise of fertility, i e, rises of fertility just prior to the beginning of its secular decline). In fact, such pre-transition fertility rise has probably been relativity delayed, prolonged, and pronounced among the ST population vis-à  -vis SCs, as the former have arguably lagged the latter in the processes of modernization/Sanskritization. What emerges, on the whole (ignoring periods of dramatic losses of population during famines, epidemics and the like), is a picture of the tribal population having grown much like the general population at very moderate rates during pre-independence decades, but at much higher rates, thereafter partly because of inclusion of new tribal identities and partly because of late occurrence of their pre-transition rise of fertility. However, like total population, the indication of the onset of a declining trend in the growth of tribal population in more recent decades seems well discernible. A broad regional pattern of Indias tribal population namely, tribes being concentrated (in descending order) in central, eastern (including north-eastern) and western regions (these together constituting about 90% of total tribal population) has remained largely unchanged. However, there has been a distinct decline of tribal share of eastern states (particularly Bihar and Orissa) in the post-independence period. Notwithstanding possible enumeration biases (e g, over enumeration of tribals in southern and western regions most prominently up to 1981), the large part of the explanation for the changing pattern of regional composition of the tribal population lies in the interstate differences in real demographic processes, e g, birth, death rates and their trends, patterns of spatial mobility and movements of tribal people (Maharatna, 2005). Table 2: Growth of Population and Growth of Numerically Large Tribes, India (1941-91) Tribe Regions of Habitation Population Average Annual Growth Rate (%) 1941# 1961 1971 1981** 1941-61 1961-71 1971-81 No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) Bhil Gujarat, MP and Rajasthan 23,30,270 (9.2) 38,36,308 (12.8) 51,82,625 (13.6) 73,92,983 (14.3) 3.23 3.51 4.26 Gond MP, Orissa, AP and Maharashtra 32,01,004 (12.6) 39,91,767 (13.4) 48,09,165 (12.7) 73,87,376(14.3) 1.24 2.05 5.36 Santal Bihar, Orissa, WB and Tripura 27,32,266 (10.7) 31,54,107 (10.5) 36,33,459 (9.6) 42,60,842(8.3) 0.77 1.52 1.73 Oraon Bihar, MP, Orissa and WB 11,22,926 (4.4) 14,47,429 (4.8) 17,06,091 (4.5) 18,65,779(3.6) 1.44 1.80 0.94 Mina Rajasthan 11,55,916 (3.9) 15,33,513 (4.0) 20,86,692(4.0) 3.27 3.61 Munda Bihar, Orissa, WB, MP 7,06,869 (2.8) 10,19,098 (3.4) 11,63,338(4.0) 14,22,830(2.8) 2.21 1.42 2.23 Khond AP, Orissa 7,44,904 (2.9) 8,45,981 (2.8) 9,11,835(2.4) 0.68 0.78 Boro @ Assam, WB, Tripura 5,94,979 (2.3) 3,51,583 -2.05 Varli 3,74,184 ** (Roy Burman 1993: 199); the percentage shares have been calculated by the present author on the total tribal population of India (exclusive of Assam). AP Andhra Pradesh; MP Madhya Pradesh; WB West Bengal. @ Borokacharis; # These are 1941 Census enumerations of specific tribes on the criterion of tribal origin (rather than tribal religion used in 1931 and before). Therefore, the respective shares of tribal groups have been calculated on total enumerated tribal population of 25, 441,548, which is much larger than adjusted figure of 87,91,354 as presented in Table 1. Source: Roy Burman (1993: 199); Government of India (1961), Report of the Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes Commission, Vol 1, 1960-1961, p 7; Sinha (1986), Table 4.3, p 47. Despite the number of STs having already exceeded 500, it is only a few major tribal groups that constitute a large bulk of the aggregate tribal population of the country. For example, as Table 2 shows, about nine major tribal groups constitute nearly half of countrys total tribal population, and they are concentrated mostly in the central, western and eastern parts. The tribe-composition has remained broadly unaltered over the post-independence period, notwithstanding proliferation of new tribal subgroups. For example, relative shares of Bhil and Gond populations have risen, admittedly marginally, with a meager reduction in the share of Munda population (Table 2). There are quite a few tribal groups each constituting (e g, as per 1971 Census count) slightly more than 1% of total tribal population, namely, Ho (1.42%) in eastern India, Naga (1.23%) in north-eastern states (Sinha, 1986). Apart from them, there are numerous smaller tribal groups dispersed across the country. In fact, there are some small and so-called primitive tribes of which enumerated populations range from as low as 20. Many of such small tribes are, indeed, on their way towards extinction. However, the phenomenon of so-called vanishing tribes, if at all, is extremely localised, and indeed, specific to very small groups situated in very special circumstances. These most vulnerable tribal groups, who currently number around 75, constituting nearly 2% of total tribal population, include Onges, Shompens, the Greater Andamanese, Rajjis Didayis, Hill Korwas and Bondas. An acute food deprivation and extreme vulnerability to death and disease have generally been held responsible for diminution of some small tribal groups in specific locations (Bhagwan, 1997). The vanishing tribes phenomenon, of course, deserves an attention and an effective public action in its own right, but it is important to keep in mind that the former does not represent the aggregate tribal situation in India. In fact, the major tribal groups (except some small vanishing ones) are not experiencing a uniform positive rate of population growth. While Bhil and Gond dominant central and western tribes have had accelerating population growth since the early 1960s, Santals, Mina and Munda mostly eastern tribes have fared far less in terms of population increase (Table 2). For example, the populations of Katkari, an originally nomadic tribe of Konkan region of Maharashtra, have been almost stationary during 1961-71 in the face of nearly 2.3% average annual growth rate of aggregate tribal population in the state (Kulkarni 2002). While this could well be related to acute material deprivation, other possibilities (e g, effect of removal of area restriction) cannot be ruled out. For example, among the major tribes of central and western states (e g, Bhil, Gond, Mina), growth of population has been above the national average and even accelerated in the post-independence period, at least up to the 1980s. This rapid growth of tribal population, especially over several decades since independence, seems to have caused inter alia by a relatively late occurrence of modern improvements in mortality of tribal population, and (somewhat related) by pre-transition fertility rises consequent upon generally sluggish pace of modernization across tribal communities. In contrast, the major tribes of eastern India (e g, Santal, Orao, Munda, Khond) have registered much smaller population increase vis-à  -vis both general population in this region and tribes of western and central India. A relatively larger underenumeration of tribal people in this region, especially in the late 1970s, could be a factor, since official recognition of tribal identity on the basis of area restrictions continued here for some time even after latters formal repeal in 1976 (Burman, 1993). But this cannot constitute a complete explanation. A relative mortality disadvantage and comparatively low fertility among these tribes (vis-à  -vis those of central and western India) are also likely to have been contributors especially over the recent past. Furthermore, specific historical factors might have made major East Indian tribes relatively prone to long distance migration and movement (Burman, 1993). In sum: three major tribal groups, namely, Bhil, Santal, Gond constitute nearly 40% of the countrys total tribal population, and this numeric dominance of just a few major tribes amidst hundreds of tiny groups and subgroups has been continuing for a long time past, leaving aggregative analysis of Indias tribal population useful and credible. Perhaps the most glaring difference between tribal and general populations lies in the sex ratio, i e, female-male ratio (FMR hereafter) (Table 1). In distinct contrast to Indias overall FMR being unfavourable to females, it has been relatively balanced among tribes. In fact, females outnumber males in the entire western world and in many developing countries outside Asia and North Africa. Such excess female scenario derives both from females biological edge over males in natural survival chances as well as from their relative mortality advantage in wars, accidents and lifestyles. Thus, a huge deficiency of females, as indicated by low FMR in general population, reflects adverse social influences outweighing females intrinsic (biological) advantage in survival. There have been several attempts at estimating what Amartya Sen famously coined missing women in countries with lower than a benchmark FMR, which generally obtains in the abs

The Study of Anthropology and the Humanities Essay -- exploring the hu

The humanities are a broad multidisciplinary field of study where its disciplines aren’t in just one department. Therefore, studying the humanities correlates to the study of anthropology. Simply put, anthropology is the study of humanity and the origins of human beings. Learning about the humanities can help those studying anthropology because the humanities looks into understanding and exploring the human condition. There is an idea of culture that is used to describe what humans do. Anthropology explores what culture is, how it influences society, and why the idea of culture is important. Studying anthropology also looks into the various cultures around the world and the diversity that makes the human race. A basic concern for anthropologists is what defines human life and its origins. How has the evolutionary past of humans influenced the contemporary culture? Reading R. Crumb’s The Book of Genesis (Illustrated) opens doorways for studying anthropology becau se it looks into the history and beginning of humankind. Studying the humanities relates to the study of anthropology because the graphic novel The Book of Genesis depicts ancient human culture. Crumb’s 2009 graphic novel helps better understand today’s society and comprehend how humans live today. The study of man and civilization connects with other subjects of education because it involves the reasoning for life today. The real effect of Anthropology is rather to lighten than increase the strain of learning (Tylor preface). When a scholar knows of early history, he knows how humankind arose and is able to take a better hold of himself and his own society. For example, if a paleontologist is studying the theory of the how humanity began, a book that depicts anc... ...here is a better comprehension of today. Studying different historical texts provides insight into features of the past which some anthropologists may first find difficult to comprehend or examine. Humanities deal with society and serve as a basis for studies in other fields, like anthropology. Anthropologists use methods in humanities to better understand society, people, and culture. In order to understand such a complex system of people, a history of culture and humanity must be taken into account. Works Cited Crumb, Robert. The Book of Genesis Illustrated by R. Crumb New York: Norton, 2009 Lassiter, Luke E. Invitation to Anthropology. Lanham, MD: AltaMira, 2009. Print. Linton, Ralph. The Study of Man; An Introduction. New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1936. Print. Tylor, Edward B. Anthropology. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1960. Print.

Creative Enterprise And Context

MA in INTERIOR & A ; SPATIAL DESIGN Module 7CTA1009 | Creative Enterprise And Context | Individual ReportAccredited Work Experience Your work experience may affect, for illustration:A lasting occupation that you are already making, related to your field of survey.A free-lance undertaking.An internship or work arrangement.Approximately 100 hours – including report-writing. ( e.g. 1 twenty-four hours per hebdomad for 10 hebdomads ) You should enter and reflect upon your experience, and summarize the decisions in a brooding papers. This papers shouldsketch the workthat you have conducted andwhat it has taught youabout theprofessional fieldin which you work. You should besidesreflect upon wider facets of your industry, and research how your work is located in thatlarger context. Your grade is based on the quality of thestudy,nonon the work that you do in your period of employment. You need to show thevalueof your experience, andwhat you have learned. This is acritical text. Refer to other paperss to contextualise your experiences. With the passion I have towards the profession of my dream, accepting assorted freelancing occupations over the past twelvemonth or so was the way I chose to be the stepping-stone to construct my calling. This was how and why I gain my professional experience and despite along the manner after meeting obstructions in the early phases of my calling, the experiences have made me a stronger individual to fix myself for the hereafter. Furthermore, because of my ability to get the better of the challenges I face, this has lead for me to hold more assurance in the calling I chose whilst being able to anticipate that this would non be something that I will repent. From the beginning I realized that traveling down the way of freelancing was traveling to be tough but because of the fact that I have the flexibleness to take the undertakings that I prefer played an of import function to maintain myself motivated in what I do and the calling end I would wish to accomplish. My calling end is to c onstruct an interior design house and to portion the passion I have for Interior Design. Making my occupation out of passion and non merely for the interest of fiscal addition has made my calling journey even more interesting. A brief overview to one of the many undertakings I took on was a residential undertaking located in Ampang Botanic, Klang, Malaysia. Residential design involves assorted sorts of planning and scope of building, which incorporate with cognition of human behavior –physical, psychological and cultural of the clients. Due to homes being one’s personal infinites which support the individual’s life style, interior interior decorator playsanessential function in communicating with clients. [ 1 ] The Low family’s semi-detached abode has a built-up of 3010 square pess, approximately 36 pess broad and 82.5 pess for its length and all 6 of the household members are regarded as separate clients to carry through their single demands. Based on experience, my function as an interior interior decorator and the designing procedure are really much similar regardless the graduated table or types of homes. The term ‘creative industries’ originated in the 1990s, with the UK authorities the first to follow it as a agency of promoting the acknowledgment of the economic part made by creativeness and civilization. [ 2 ] Creativity is constructed through an â€Å"interaction between manufacturer and audience† [ 3 ] , it can be argued that clients are an indispensable portion of the societal context for interior decorator. Therefore, harmonizing to the societal contextual position [ 4 ] clients may hold the possible to act upon the creativeness of interior decorator. This has examined when my clients, Low household have affected my initial thoughts for their home. I have proposed them some interior design thought, but at last they have commented and I took their remarks so blend into my initial thoughts. I have realized this could go on all the clip even though sometimes I am really steadfast and confident with my thoughts, but undeniably client’s remarks are really of import as they are the 1 who traveling to populate in the infinite. Nevertheless, I agreed with Parnes who asserted that in creativeness research shows that persons produce more fresh and utile thoughts if they believe the state of affairs encourages such behaviors. [ 5 ] I can see this when Mr. & amp ; Mrs. Low have affectively needed my sentiments, they would demo concern for the feelings and demands of me. Under these fortunes, I will be less likely concern about negative unfavorable judgment by them which can sabotage my desire to supply confident and better service. Rather, I feel more bucked up and daring to research with assorted bright colorss, stuff or form and to happen more originative solutions to a infinite. I have suggested Mr. & amp ; Mrs. Low to utilize dark colorss, such as black and dark brown for most portion of dry kitchen to make a different sort of atmosphere in this home. Furthermore, I have realized that I will put more into this undertaking when my clien ts swear me. I besides expended excess clip and attempt in researching options to the regular service provided, thereby lending to the results. Besides, one of the important things that I have learnt since I started free-lance undertaking is non all value is created equal. For me, I will merely larn what is valuable to clients by acquiring to cognize them. But on the position of clients, value contains many parts ; from cost-effectiveness to long term potency to the efficiency and smoothness of the undertaking itself. As when the brief is taken and communicate with them, seek to experience where they feel the value of undertaking lies. Clients need to cognize what they are paying for, non merely in footings of a touchable merchandise, but besides in footings of any behind-the-scenes or potency advantages which interior decorator has built into the undertaking. My function and the procedure begins with run intoing the client to garner information sing their demands to come up with thoughts to trades with the issues at manus that is brought frontward by the client or from my personal observation. Then elaborate and accurate drawings will be produced from the thoughts discussed to guarantee that the undertaking is good planned and systematic. Material choice and specification of furniture will be decided and I will oversee all the inside informations and supply more elaborate drawings where necessary when the installing takes topographic point. Assorted concern paperss have to be provided and managed for this procedure to run every bit swimmingly as possible. However, the undertaking development for this residential undertaking has the same advancement from the old undertakings I have done. This undertaking started in August last twelvemonth before I came to the United Kingdom to go on with my Postgraduate surveies. I foremost met up with Mr. and Mrs. Low on a insouciant societal footing to larn more about each other in general and to see the nature of the undertaking. I gathered every bit much information as I could to set up what their demands are and desire for their new home and after a few other subsequent phone conversations, I wrote a proposal dwelling of all the architectural and ad hoc services I would supply. After Mr. and Mrs. Low accepted my proposal, all paperss such as the agreed proposal and citation were signed before anything went frontward. Before the design work could get down, I had to detect the overall demands and restraints, which will be the model for the remainder of the undertaking. I went to the site to study in order to derive a more in depth cognition of the home and after taking note of the inside informations, I started working on the design development which I feel is the most exciting portion of a undertaking. Once this phase started, interior decorator will maintain in touch with client really frequently discussed the design and inside informations. I have developed infinites with Furniture Plans ( fig.1 ) , color strategy and construct. Within this development, interior coatings inside informations such as pigment, wall-covering, flooring, ceiling and window interventions, castings, cabinetwork and countertops will be decide every bit good. All the choices will be show in 3D Perspective Drawings ( fig.2 & A ; 3 ) for clients to hold better image to conceive of with the existent infinites. After finalisi ng the design drawings, I have confirmed with clients before get downing the concluding particularization of programs such as Mechanical & A ; Electrical ( M & A ; E ) Plans ( fig.4 ) , Reflected Ceiling Plans ( fig.5 ) , Floor Finishes Plans and others detail drawings. After design development, I have left the building and installing portion to my concern spouse, Mr. Alex who owns a custom-build furniture company. Since I am traveling to foster my surveies, Mr. Alex has coup d'etat my portion to finish this undertaking. Since I am in United Kingdom and the undertaking is in Malaysia, we use different methods depending on the state of affairs, such as electronic mail, instant messaging, picture confab or societal networking. In the interim of analyzing and working on free-lance undertakings, I have gained many accomplishments and personal qualities to be an interior interior decorator, which I think this is one of the intents of this assignment has outlined in faculty. First of wholly, being a free-lance has trained me to be more good subject and professional in originative industries, which is the chief purpose of this faculty. In originative industries, image and feeling of a interior decorator is really of import, as this is how client trust interior decorator at the beginning. If a designer’s image is bad, client will non swear them and delegate undertaking to them. Besides, I am developing an oculus for design which involves understanding a few rudimentss of perceptual experience from freelancing, which is good to my surveies every bit good. For case, I have better 3D consciousness as I have experienced the transmutation from pulling to existent object ; how lines or colorss will impact the aesthetics value and make ocular beat in a infinite ; how to utilize pattern and stuff in a design ; how to make designs that provide focal points that serve to honor the oculus ; how to accomplish ocular balance in a infinite and the difference between symmetricalness and informal balance. Besides, creativity and imaginativeness have risen throughout working on free-lance. For me, being able to pass on efficaciously is the most of import of all life accomplishments, pass oning with clients has strengthened my communicating and dialogue accomplishments. Communication is merely the act of reassigning information from one topographic point to another, how good the information can be transmitted and received is a step of how good the communicating accomplishment is. For illustration, able to talk suitably with a broad assortment of people whilst keeping good oculus contact, show a varied vocabulary and orient the linguistic communication to clients, listen efficaciously, nowadayss ideas suitably and work good in a group which requires good communicating accomplishments. With good communicating accomplishments can assist all facets of life, particularly from professional life to societal assemblages and everything in between, which now that beneficial to my freelancing, university life and societal life. Other than that, freelancing has sharpened me awareness of proficient edifice issues, the scope of relevant merchandises and stuffs. As working with free-lance undertaking in industry, I have the opportunity to larn about stuff in existent life. Assorted professional of stuffs companies have assigned the staff to convey my existent stuff samples and explained me about those merchandises. Furthermore, working in site undertaking has taught me how importance is proficient pulling in the interior design industries. If there is error in the proficient drawing, it would impact the existent object on site ; as a consequence this has indirectly trained me to be more careful on pulling. I have decided to be an interior interior decorator when I was 15 old ages old and I am working hard to accomplish my aspiration. For me, freelancing while I am prosecuting my surveies is an indispensable first measure toward my aspiration. With the result of this assignment and faculty, I am sharpening my accomplishments and allow myself fixing to accept more new challenge in my calling in future. Appendixs Figure 1: Furniture Plan, Ground Floor Figure 2: 3D Perspective Drawing of Living Area Figure 3: 3D Perspective Drawing of Dry Kitchen Figure 4: Mechanical & A ; Electrical ( M & A ; E ) Plan, Ground Floor Figure 5: Reflected Ceiling Plan, First Floor Mentions Amabile, T. M. ( 1996) Creativity in context.Boulder: Westview Press. BOP Consulting. ( 2010 )Maping the originative industries: A toolkit.[ e-book ] London: British Council. Csikszentmihalyi, M. ( 1999 )Deductions of A System Perspective for The Study of Creativity.New York: Cambridge University. Knackstedt, M. V. ( 2012 )The Interior Design Business Handbook: A Complete Guide to Profitability. New Jersey: John Wiley & A ; Sons.Madjar, N. & A ; Ortiz-Walters, R. ( 2008 ) ‘Customers as Subscribers and Reliable Evaluators of Creativity in the Service Industry’ , Journal of Organizational Behavior. [ on-line ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/job.522/pdf.[ accessed 25 April 2014 ] Parnes, S. J. ( 1964 ) ‘Research on developing originative behavior’ ,Widening skylines in creativeness.New York: Wiley. Bibliography Ball, L. ( 2003 ) . Future Directions for Employability Research in the Creative Industries. A on the job paper by the Learning and Teaching Support Network and Design Council. Knackstedt, M. V. ( 2012 )The Interior Design Business Handbook: A Complete Guide to Profitability. New Jersey: John Wiley & A ; Sons.Piotrowsk, C. M. ( 2013 )Professional Practice for Interior Designers.New Jersey: John Wiley & A ; Sons.

Football Madness

Our team were in the away changing room and my ears were hurting as the manager's voice went straight through me whilst he shouted at us for the dreadful performance we just gave. Then he threw a bottle towards Marcel the goalkeeper who safely caught it. † Oh now you stop it fool!† he shouted sarcastically at him. The room was stuffy because of all the sweat and heat coming off the players. We just got beat two nil by the Newcastle United under twenty ones and our main striker Carlton Wallace the team captain was under pressure. His last season performance was superb, he got top scorer with twenty-one goals and most of them goals were from his heading ability as he was very tall so he had a lot depending on him this season by Leeds United Football Club, because he is on the brink of entering the senior squad. So far during the season he hasn't scored for the first five games and the team are worried about him. The next day he turned up late for training and the Manager Tony Forbes went over to Carlton as he stepped out of his brand new Mercedes Benz SLK and he started shouting and being intolerant at him, Carlton then got straight back in the car and drove off in a rush. As Tony came back the players just pretended that it never happened and carried on with training, except one, that was Andrew Moyes who was the joker amongst the group and he thought he knew what had happened. He asked Tony in a bigheaded way â€Å"what was that all about then gaffer?† Tony replied, â€Å"Just forget it its nothing to do with you.† And Andrew put his hands up towards his chin as if he were holding a handbag and went â€Å"oooooo†. But Tony reacted badly and shouted at him â€Å"you're dropped from the team on Saturday for that remark, you sicken me!† then some players started to smirk, but lucky for them Tony didn't notice. As we were going in Andrew stated, â€Å"I think Carlton's got problems.† So I replied, † what makes you think that?† I asked and Andrew replied, † his behaviour just lately is weird, don't you think?† † He has been a bit strange but nothing too serious I hope.† I stated. But we thought nothing of it and carried on getting towards the changing rooms with the rest of the team. We were entering the changing rooms as the assistant was writing Saturday's team out for the match against Middlesbrough, so everyone was gathered around the board to see their name on it and Carlton was dropped for Alan Smith and everyone was amazed because last season they beat Middlesborough four nil and Carlton got three goals, so I went to see the gaffer but he had left early. As I was getting changed Jamie our key defender asked me, â€Å"Do you want to come for a drink with us?† I replied â€Å"No I've got to shoot off sorry.† So I went to the secretary and asked her where Tony had gone and she said he'd gone to Carlton's to sort something out, immediately I rushed out to the car park and dodged all the journalists who were bombarding me with questions about Carlton's future, so I could get into my car and go. Luckily no police seen me speeding on my way to Carlton's but as I slowly approached his house I saw Tony getting out of his car on the driveway, he stepped up to the door, knocked on it and looked around to see if anyone was watching. Carlton opened the door and poked his head around to see who it was, then he looked around outside for people, but luckily he didn't see me. Then he invited Tony in to his house. Seeing this I got out the car and went round the side of his house making sure I wasn't seen and the window was open so I tried and listen in on the conversation. I heard Carlton talking about when he went to the doctors and got told that if he continues to head a football it will affect his brain because of all the pressure be exerted on to the skull, but last year nearly every goal was a header so that might explain why he hasn't been on form this season. After hearing that I ran back to the car and drove straight to The Bottle of Sack, our local pub where the lads were and darted inside to break the news. As soon as I entered they kept offering drinks and asking things so I couldn't a word in. But then I seen Jamie going to the toilet so I followed him in and Explained to him the situation and he went straight back out and gathered the team round. After he told them they and started to think of what to do and Andrew said â€Å"let's help him through it.† â€Å"You don't say, † Marcel replied sarcastically â€Å"But how?† asked Jamie and Andrew bellowed â€Å"let's sign a new player to replace him.† And everyone gave him a dirty look, then Martin his striking partner said, † well instead of him heading the ball he could bicycle kick then his goals would be spectacular.† So Jamie replied, † it's stupid but it might just work.† â€Å"But that's a difficult skill to perform day in day out.† I added, so Marcel our goalkeeper announced above all the noise of the players in his French accent â€Å"lets train him to do it then, its what teamwork's all about isn't it?† so everybody started planning out what to do in Thursday's training session. It was Thursday and we all waited in the changing room for Tony to enter to tell him Martin's idea. So as he entered Jamie called him over and asked, â€Å"can I have a word outside gaffer?† â€Å"No† he replied â€Å"but it's important gaffer† Jamie added, they both went out. A minute later we heard Tony shout out â€Å"brilliant.† Then he burst back in and said â€Å"Lads Jamie here has just come up with a solution to Carlton's problem.† And Jamie butted in and said, â€Å"Well actually it was Martin's idea gaffer.† â€Å"Who cares?† he exclaimed, so he carried on telling us â€Å"we shall make him do over head or bicycle kicks instead of heading the ball. But you will have to put in effort to help him, agreed?† â€Å"Yes gaffer.† We all replied simultaneously. He then queried, â€Å"How did you know about this problem?† Then suddenly Carlton the changing room so everyone greeted him and luckily for me Tony never found out how we knew. After he got changed Tony told us to go on to field and he would meet us down there except Carlton, because he wanted to talk to Carlton about Martin's idea. I was last out of the changing room and I decided to stay outside the door and listen in on the conversation. At first Tony said â€Å"well Carlton you know about yesterdays talk at yours?† â€Å"Yes.† He replied, â€Å"well I was thinking about your problem and why don't you bicycle kick the ball instead?† asked Tony and Carlton replied † well it's a bit hard to do that gaffer, because I'm not that good at it you see. Also it's quite difficult to perform unless every cross is perfect† â€Å"But we'll do training on it every session starting today, the lads will help and have to do it as well.† Said Tony, so Carlton agreed â€Å"yes†. I quickly dashed on to field so they did not see me as they came out. As I got near Andrew said â€Å"were have you been?† but I was out of breath because I had to run so Tony didn't know I was listening. When Tony arrived with Carlton Tony shouted out â€Å"come on do the warm up procedure.† So all the players did stretching and jogging on the spot and the usual things, but Carlton and the Tony were talking about something and then Tony called the Marcel over and me. He explained to us â€Å"well Marcel get in goal and Mark put some crosses in for Carlton so he can practice those overhead kicks. So I went over and crossed a ball in but Carlton could not reach so Tony shouted â€Å"a bit lower.† So I tried again and he just missed it. We tried again and again but he couldn't do it. Tony shouted over to me † a few more† so I crossed it in and he connected to it perfectly and Tony shouted â€Å"superb lads!† keep it up we did it another two times and he just kept on doing it. The Tony told us to stop and told us † don't get too carried away, save it for the weekend† On the way to the changing room I asked Tony â€Å"why don't you put Carlton into the first team instead of Alan?† but he just said, â€Å"I might, I don't know yet.† After I got changed I went to the car park and got in my car and drove off home so I could rest for tomorrow's game against Middlesbrough. The next morning on the way to Ellend road, which was our home ground, I was all ready for the game today. I pulled into the ground and parked the car. I then got out with my kit bag and went through reception and into changing room and noticed Carlton sitting there all changed ready for the game, and I asked, â€Å"Are you all right?† and he replied, â€Å"yes I'm ecstatic.† â€Å"Why?† I asked he said â€Å"the gaffer has put me in the squad for today because he was amazed by training yesterday with them over head kicks.† â€Å"Brilliant Carlton, well done.† I greeted. â€Å"But I couldn't of done it with out you mate.† He replied Then the gaffer came in and said, â€Å"I don't want any scrappy football today lads last week was dreadful, so come on show me what you've got.† As the bell went to go out all the players shouted â€Å"come on!† stood up clapped, the room was vibrating from the players passion. We then we made our way on to the pitch. It was midway through the first half and the crowd was roaring with excitement, I got the ball passed through to me down the right hand side; I skipped past one defender and crossed the ball in towards Carlton who was waiting in the area. He jumped up and to do a bicycle kick, the time slowed dramatically as if it were a movie. Then Carlton went to kick it, he missed the ball and there was a big gasp from the crowd of over thirty thousand fans. He landed on his back with a massive cry of pain and everyone froze. It didn't look good. Every team gathered round even some Middlesbrough players to look at him then the physio dashed onto the pitch to see what the problem was he shouted â€Å"move away give him room† then he called for a stretcher. He was taken off on the stretcher and was immediately to on his way to hospital in an ambulance. Tony told Chris to get ready so he could replace Carlton. The crowd went silent and we heard the siren of the ambulance as it hurried off to hospital. There was no enthusiasm for the rest of the half and the match was boring now The half time whistle blew and everyone went back to changing room. Tony didn't say anything; he was in shock after the incident with Carlton. The bell rang for us to go out again but this time there was no roar of passion from the players as they strolled out towards the field. The second half was boring because Carlton wasn't playing and the players had no strategy anymore. The game just dragged on back and forth until eventually Tony used his last substitute, which was Alan, he came on for Jamie who had a quiet game. There was only two minutes left on the clock and our goalie had just made a fantastic save to keep us level, he kicked the ball out to Andrew who controlled it brilliantly and then slotted a through ball up to Alan who chased it with all the strength he had, their goalkeeper rushed towards the ball to try and smother it, it was one on one and Alan got there first and skipped around the goalie and passed it into the net. The crowd were roaring with delight as there was only one minute left, but you couldn't hear anything because of the noise from the fans, it was deafening. Tony was running up and down the touchline jumping for joy. The team were cheering as well, running up the pitch to congratulate Alan. The ground felt like it would collapse from the noise and excitement. Then we heard the final whistle blow as the game concluded, and the fans were going wild due to Alan's goal, but everyone forgot about Carlton, except me. So I quickly ran into the dressing room and got changed and dashed to the hospital to check how he was. When I got there I asked the receptionist â€Å"were is Carlton Wallace please?† She replied, â€Å"Ward seven room two.† I walked quickly towards it, eventually finding him lying in a bed in pain. The doctor was standing next to his bed and asked me â€Å"excuse me are do know this person?† I replied, â€Å"Yes we play for the same football club, will he be able to play again?† â€Å"He's damaged ligaments in his lower back, so it doesn't look very promising† he replied. I just stood there and stared at Carlton with hope. â€Å"I'm afraid your going to have to leave now because visiting times are over, also we need to plan the operation for tomorrow.† The doctor told me â€Å"What operation!† I exclaimed â€Å"We need to operate on his lower back quickly or he may never play again† he replied Then I asked â€Å"is it risky?† â€Å"Of course it is, every operation is risky,† he told me. You'd better go now he needs his rest for tomorrow. So I left with a bad feeling that this operation may go wrong, but how was I going to explain it to the lads, that will be even harder. I got to my car in the car park and whilst I was opening the door I told myself that I wasn't going to the lads and let them find out for themselves, so I carried on home to spend the night and have a think. The next day I was tired because I hadn't had much sleep because I was up all night thinking about Carlton's back operation. I had to get over it and go and see him at hospital. When I arrived at hospital I went to ward seven to see him and his parents were there crying, the doctor was there again so I went up to him and asked how he was he explained â€Å"the operation was successful we repaired the ligaments but he will have to give up football for a while† â€Å"Whys that† I asked â€Å"His back isn't capable of all that running and exercise that footballers do day in day out.† I ran out of the hospital got in my car and sped off home because I realised that he won't recover from this and will have to retire. I had a lot of different feelings inside me like anger, disappointment, confusion of why this happened. I then remembered it was Martins idea to make him do overhead kicks and I knew he lived across the road, so I went over and started banging on the door until he opened it. As I seen him open the door I burst in with rage and started beating him up shouting out â€Å"this is for Carlton† â€Å"its your fault he's having to retire†. I realised I got a carried away as I stopped hitting him because he'd stopped breathing and was just lying there on the floor, I didn't know what to do. I got up and ran over to my house then just crumbled down to the floor and started crying.

Definition and Examples of Logical Fallacies

Definition and Examples of Logical Fallacies A Fallacy is an error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid: A fallacious argument is a defective argument, says Michael F. Goodman, and  a fallacy is  the defect in the argument itself. . . . Any argument committing one of the informal fallacies is an argument in which the conclusion does not follow conclusively from the premise(s) (First Logic, 1993). Observations on Fallacy In logic and the generalized study of reasoning, there are generally understood to be such things as good reasoning and bad reasoning. Typically, bad reasoning is characterized by falling into one or more of the classically compiled logical fallacies. A logical fallacy is simply a failure of logic. Arguments that are said to be fallacious have gaping holes or misleading leaps in their structure and reasoning.(J. Meany and K. Shuster, Art, Argument, and Advocacy. IDEA, 2002)An informal fallacy is an attempt at making a logical argument where there’s a failure in the reasoning itself. This can stem from a number of causes, such as the misapplication of words and phrases, or misunderstandings based on inappropriate assumptions. Illogical sequences in an argument can also cause informal fallacies. While informal fallacies can result in inaccurate arguments and false conclusions, that doesn’t mean they can’t be very persuasive.(Russ Alan Prince, How To Bolster Your Ne gotiations With Informal  Fallacies. Forbes, June 7, 2015) Deceptions A fallacy is so conceived that if an argument exhibits a fallacy, it is probably a bad one, but if the argument exhibits no such violation, it is a good one.Fallacies are mistakes in reasoning that do not seem to be mistakes. Indeed, part of the etymology of the word fallacy comes from the notion of deception. Fallacious arguments usually have the deceptive appearance of being good arguments. That perhaps explains why we are so often misled by them.(T. Edward Damer, Attacking Faulty Reasoning, 2001) Violations [O]ne clear sense of fallacy that we will encounter will involve a shift away from the correct direction in which an argumentative dialogue is progressing. By various means, an arguer may impede the other party from making her point or may attempt to draw the discussion off track. In fact, one popular modern approach to understanding fallacious reasoning is to see it as involving violations of rules that should govern disputes so as to ensure that they are well conducted and resolved. This approach, put forward by [Frans] van Eemeren and [Rob] Grootendorst in several works, goes by the name of pragma-dialectics. Not only is each of the traditional fallacies understood as a violation of a discussion rule, but new fallacies emerge to correspond to other violations once we focus on this way of conducting arguments.(Christopher W. Tindale, Fallacies and Argument Appraisal. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Pronunciation: FAL-eh-see Also Known As: logical fallacy, informal fallacy Etymology:From the Latin, deceive Etymology:From the Latin, deceive

Essay on Italians in America

Essay on Italians in America Essay on Italians in America Example Essay on Italians in America: The Italians immigrated into the USA for various reasons, since the 18th century. As a matter of fact, since 1946, approximately 300,000 Italians settled in the United States of America During the early periods, as they began to move into the country, they were faced with massive discrimination. They were discriminated on the ground of their nationality. They were seen as intruders and foreigners in the country For instance, Irish Catholics were barred from exercising their religious rights. They were also barred from receiving quality education, becoming professions, holding public offices; involve themselves in trade or commercial. They were also derived off the rights of purchasing a land, voting and leasing land. Due to all these, the Italians living in America at that time had to look for some survival strategy. They used the ethnic strategy to become acceptable American. In this paper, we are going to discuss about these ethnic strategies, which were used by these people (Morri son,et.al., p. 20-39) To begin with, they took a step of trying to involve in active trade. They took over some type of trade and started controlling them. They turn out to be very vigorous in trade unions. As a matter of facts, they selected some leaders who played an important role in the American trade. These include people like Giovanniti and Tresca. Some of the trades they were very active in were as we are going to discuss below. They involved themselves in active innovation. For instance, the Jacuzzi family invented the hot tub Jacuzzi in 1907. This became very rampant in the American market. This Italian family also made propellers. These were for supplying to the American military during the war. They were also very active and developed some jet water pump. All these products from the Italian family played an important role in the American market(Cannistraro, et.al., p.60). Another place where the Italians played ventured into the market was in the coffee field. An Italian by the name Vince developed a filter for extraction of oil from the coffee beans. These filters entered the American market very rampantly. It is estimated that at least 10 million of them are still being sold annually. They also ventured into the hotel market. For instance, some became chefs. They left a legend in the hospitality market. For instance, chef Boyardee left a legend of being the best in America in making the best spaghetti dinners. He was also known as the best in making the best pizza mix, sauce and pasta. There was also a famous Italian immigrant, who started a restaurant in Cleveland. In 1930, he began a company for canned foods. Throughout the 2nd world war, his company was the biggest supplier of food to the U.S army. This was a step of the Italian immigrants, into the trade market of America. An Italian immigrant, pepsin began making wagons in 1917. Up to date, this company is still running and is estimated to produce at least 8,000 wagons in a day. The above are just but a few fields in which the immigrants ventured into, in the world of trade. Secondly, they started taking part in the political systems America. They were beginning with the city politics. The second generation of Italian immigrants became vigorous in politics. They produced some great public figures such as Laguardia, Vito and Caller. Some instances where the immigrants were involving themselves in the American politics include: during the American evaluation. American Italian played an important role in support American colonists. Secondly, the immigrants played an important role in the American civil wars. A massive number of Italians served as officers in the civil wars. It is estimated that they were more than 100 Italian Americans. More than 200,000 American Italians served the U.S military during the Second World War (Cannistraro, et.al., pp 92-102). Thirdly, they were able to manipulate the newfound privileges. This included the political and economic influences which created hospitable environment to new immigrants. After the Second World War, the Americans revised their immigration policies. The policies became lighter to the immigrants and more people could migrate into America. The Italian Americans had a privilege, since they had supported the American government during the war. The discrimination went down and with this, they were able to settle better in America, and invest with less fear (Cannistraro,et.al., p.80) The above strategies worked well for the Italians. However, they did not go undeterred. For instance, there was the major challenge that came with tribalism and racism. The Italians in America had the label â€Å"colored†, and so faced discrimination like any other immigrants in America. They were discriminated in many places in America, and so they found it difficult to apply their strategies. For instance, when they tried to enter the American market, initially, their products were undermined, and hence sold at a cheaper price. The popularity of their products only came to grow after a long duration of time and struggle(Morrison,et.al., p. 59). In conclusion, though the immigrant laws changed, this does not have a great impact on how the Italian Americans are treated. Up to date, many Native Americans still look down upon the nonnative Americans. In other words, we cannot actually argue that the Italian strategies worked out completely for them. There is still some need to reduce the amount of discrimination in America. Get online essay writing help from professional writers at premium custom essay writing service.

Admissions Data and Profile for Phillips Exeter Academy

Admissions Data and Profile for Phillips Exeter Academy John and Elizabeth Phillips established Exeter Academy on May 17, 1781. Exeter has grown from those humble beginnings with only one teacher and 56 students to become one of the finest private schools in America. Exeter has been fortunate over the years to receive some remarkable gifts for its endowment, one of its sources of funding. One gift, in particular, stands out and that is the donation of $5,8000,000 in 1930 from Edward Harkness. The Harkness gift revolutionized teaching at Exeter; the school later developed the Harkness method of teaching and the Harkness table. This educational model is now used in schools around the world.   The School at a Glance Founded 1781- One of the 15 Oldest Boarding Schools in the USNumber of students: 1079Grades: 9-12Number of faculty  members: 217; 21% hold doctoral degrees; 60% hold masters degreesTuition and fees start at: $50,880 for boarding students, $39,740 for day studentsPercentage of students receiving financial aid: 50%Acceptance Rate: ~16%Admissions Deadline: January 15Financial aid materials due: January 31Admission Decisions Released: March 10School Website: Phillips Exeter Academy As you drive into the scenic colonial town of Exeter in southern New Hampshire, you are quite aware that Exeter, the school, greets you from every quarter. The school dominates the town at the same time as it draws the town into its community and life. The Academic Program Exeter offers over 480 courses in 19 subjects (and 10 foreign languages) areas taught by a superb, highly qualified and enthusiastic faculty numbering 208, 84 percent of whom have advanced degrees. Student stats of note: Exeter enrolls more than 1070 students each year, approximately 80 percent of whom are boarders, 39 percent  are students of color and 9 percent are international students. Exeter also offers over 20 sports and an astounding 111 extracurricular activities, with afternoon activities of sports, arts, or other offerings being required. As such, the typical day for an Exeter student runs from 8:00 am until 6:00 pm.   Facilities Exeter has some of the finest facilities of any private school anywhere. The library alone with 160,000 volumes is the largest private school library in the world. Athletic facilities include hockey rinks, tennis courts, squash courts, boat houses, stadia, and playing fields. Financial Strength Exeter has the largest endowment of any boarding  school in the United States, which is valued at $1.15 billion. As a result, Exeter is able to take very seriously its mission of providing an education for qualified students regardless of their financial circumstances. As such, it prides itself on offering ample financial aid to students, with approximately 50% of applicants receiving aid that totals $22 million annually. Technology Technology at Exeter is the servant of the academys vast academic program and community infrastructure. Technology at the academy is state of the art and is guided by a steering committee which plans and implements the academys technology needs. Matriculation Exeter graduates go on to the finest colleges and universities in America and abroad. The academic program is so solid that most Exeter graduates can skip many freshman year courses. Faculty Nearly 70% of all faculty at Exeter resides on campus, meaning students have ample access to teachers and coaches should they need assistance outside of the normal school day. There is a 5:1 student to teacher ratio and class sizes average 12, meaning students get personal attention in every course.   Notable Faculty and Alumni Alumnae Writers, stars of stage and screen, business leaders, government leaders, educators, professionals, and other notables litter the glittering list of Exeter Academy alumni and alumnae. A few names that many may recognize today include Author Dan Brown and US Olympian Gwenneth Coogan, both of whom have served on the faculty at Exeter. Notable alumni include the Founder of Facebook Mark Zuckerberg, Peter Benchley, and numerous politicians, including US Senators and a US President, Ulysses S. Grant. Financial Aid Qualified students from families making less than $75,000 can attend Exeter free of charge.  Thanks to Exeters impeccable financial record, the school prides itself on offering ample financial aid to students,  with approximately 50% of applicants receiving some form of aid that totals $22 million annually. An Appraisal Phillips Exeter Academy is all about superlatives. The education which your child will get is the best. The philosophy of the school which seeks to link goodness with learning, though it is over two hundred years old, speaks to twenty-first-century young peoples hearts and minds with a freshness and relevancy which is simply remarkable. That philosophy permeates the teaching and the famed Harkness table with its interactive teaching style. The faculty is the best. Your child will be exposed to some amazing, creative, enthusiastic and highly qualified teachers. The Phillips Exeter motto says it all: The end depends upon the beginning.   Updated by Stacy Jagodowski

Logistics systems development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Logistics systems development - Research Paper Example It focuses on material handling, waste management, packaging and transport.† (Rodrigue, Comtois & Slack, 2009). Pollution has become a major issue of concern in regard to logistics, as logistics firms are opting for heavy goods vehicles, which emit airborne pollutants such as particulate matter and gaseous toxins. If nothing is done regarding this, Co2 emissions will rise to extreme levels. It is important that the issues of green logistics must be taken seriously and solutions must be sought. The biggest challenge that logistics systems are currently facing is the creation of a sustainable society with minimum negative impact on environment. This paper discusses the problems in the development of a green logistics system, giving a detailed description of the paradoxes in green logistics, while offering a ‘blueprint’ for the implementation of green logistics, concluding upon a recommended solution. Cost: Reduction of costs are perhaps the most important aspect of a logistics system from the perspective of a distributor, which may be implemented through the improvement in the packaging and efficient reduction of wastes. This will benefit the distributor as well as the consumer, but presents the problem that the environmental costs are often externalized. (Geroliminis & Daganzo, n. d). Time: The management of time mainly rests upon the integration of the supply chain, which can be most beneficial in physical distribution of products. Through integrated supply chains, it would also become more practical to provide flexibility in the system. However the paradox of this option would be that in the process of extending production, the number of retailing structures using energy options would have to be increased, resulting in increased production of emissions. Reliability: On-time distribution or reliable distribution of freight would greatly benefit the producer as it

Sexism and work place Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sexism and work place - Research Paper Example Socio-environmental factors like schools, employers, family, and peers cause the difference of sex in abilities, gender, and interests acquired and reinforced in childhood and adulthood respectively (Menendez et al., 2012). Factors contributing to Sexism Environmental factors contribute greatly to development of boys and girls by punishing and rewarding them based on what they have done. Labor division on sexes reflects occupational and domestic roles of men and women. Children should behave according to the roles of gender; boys, for example, are to behave in a muscular way and girls in a feminine way. Parents are responsible for shaping the behavior of boys and girls. Development of children’s gender roles is through contacts with peers, especially of the same sex. Children, once they go to school, are subject to the influence of a school authority figure. They spend more time with an adult role-model, from whom they choose and develop character. They get more punishment and rewards for their behavior. They receive first message of sex separation of positions in the system: male teachers run the school while women teach and are poorly represented in the administration. If a woman becomes an administrator, then she is at a lower lever. Both men and women graduate from colleges and universities more than before. Girls tend to have better grades than boys do, owing to their higher level of discipline, obedience, and orderliness. Sexism in organizations has been in existence since women started working. Disparity of wages and occupational segregation are the main inequalities affecting women. Separation of women and men is occupational segregation. For instance, men would choose to do a police job, firefighting, and engineering whereas women would become teachers and housewives. Disparity of wages is the difference in wages earned by women and men. Gender identifies an individual as either male or female; thus, ‘gender’ or ‘sex’ f requently refer to categorization of a group. The social role theory suggests that a demand generates roles exhibited by individuals. For instance, the role of women to raise kids needs nurturing character. The role of child-rearing is attached to women because of their reproduction function, tying women to nourishing and taking care of infants. Linking women, for instance, to rearing of infants attributes such traits to women as kindness, helping, and nurturing. The same theory associates men with traits like competitiveness, non-domesticity, aggressiveness and assertive roles, which need skills and bravery. The difference between men and women in status strengthens the expectations of gender stereo types. The stereotype is that female roles require fewer resources than male roles and that rearing of children is traditionally for women (Kurtz, 2002). Social punishment and rewards give incentive for individuals to behave according to expectations of group members. A person may act w ith the expectation of gender even when it is contrary to his/her personality. For example, a woman may act kindly contrary to her wishes just to avoid disapproval of others. Men and women act differently matching the stereotypes. The impact of this theory of social role for the difference in behaviors and traits is distinct. The theory suggests that beliefs of a cultural nature on both genders are not accidental. In this context, ideals of a

Reflection on Integrating Learning Styles & Multiple Intelligences Essay

Reflection on Integrating Learning Styles & Multiple Intelligences - Essay Example Sensing Thinkers use concrete, practical approaches to learning. The Intuitive Thinkers use conceptual and innovative approaches, and are oriented toward theories and meanings. Sensing Feelers use their imagination to see things that cannot be seen by the senses. Intuitive Feelers uses intuition along with feeling. The Multiple Intelligence theory popularized by Howard Gardner (1991)states that there are at least seven different ways of learning anything, usually called the seven intelligences: body/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intra-personal, logical/mathematical, musical/rhythmic, verbal/linguistic and visual/spatial. These intelligences are considered ways in demonstrating intelligences. This theory revolutionized how intelligence is conceived. This explains how children learn, and how they should be taught, which are far from what has been thought about before. The theories, concepts, and strategies presented in this course with respect to learning styles and multiple intelligences are very interesting and an eye-opener for teachers like me. Although these theories and concepts are not unfamiliar or unheard of since it has made a debut several years ago, it is a very good exercise to really get to know each learning style and intelligences. Dissecting each theory helps me understand it fully and know how its application to my teaching. It opens the door to the different possibilities of application for classroom application. Exposure the different learning-styles material prompted me to reevaluate how I judge ability as well as weaknesses of my students. It made me realized that although I was employing different strategies to make our class interesting, I was doing it randomly. Strategies that I used were based on the concept that I am teaching and not on my students’ learning styles and intelligences. I have gained several important insights on the differences of students, their uniqueness, strengths and weakness. A few of these

Tourism and indigenous Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Tourism and indigenous Cultures - Essay Example .......................................................................... 4 1.3 Rationale for Selecting the Research Topic ............................................... 5 1.4 Scope and Limitations ................................................................................ 6 2. Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 7 a. General Facts about Chamka ..................................................................... 7 b. Significance and Impact of Unique Culture, Language, and Religion on Tourism Industry .................................................................... 9 c. Socio-economic benefits of Tourism in the Development of the Bangladesh Economy ................................................................................. 11 d. Communication between the Bangladeshi Government and Chamkas ...... 12 3. Discussion ........................................................................ ........................................ 13 4. Conclusion and Recommendations .......................................................................... 15 References ............................................................................................................................ 17 - 19 Chapter 1 – Introduction The term â€Å"indigenous people† is referring to a minority ethnic group of people that exists in each country (Coates, 2004, p. 12). Since most of the indigenous people are living in a place that is far away from civilization, this group of people manage to preserve their own set of unique culture and religion. Based on the 1991 Census, the Chamkas’ total number of population was 239,417 (Parbatya Bouddha Mission, 2012). In India, around 150,000 Chamkas are living in the states of Arunachal, Assam, Mizoram, and Tripura; whereas very few of them live in Cox’s Bazar district, Myanmar in Burma, and in Bangladesh (Parbatya Bouddha Mission , 2012). Chamka is one of the biggest indigenous groups of people that still exist in Bangladesh. Being one of the minority groups in Bangladesh, the Chamka are living their lives at a disadvantage. Because of the absence of strong government support, Chamkas who are currently living in Bangladesh do not have the same privileges that most Bangladeshi people are getting from the government. Up to the present time, almost all Chamka in Bangladesh are still living in a primitive age. Because of the presence of political and cultural separation between the Bangladesh government and this particular group of indigenous people, the Chamka do not have access to proper education, better employment opportunity, and medical assistance from the doctors and nurses. On the 13th of September 2007, the United Nations declared that the need to respect the rights of these indigenous people (UN News Centre, 2007). With a total of â€Å"30 votes in favour, 2 against and 12 absentions†, the Human Rights Council supported the United Nations’ declaration with regards to the rights of the indigenous people (United Nations, 2007, p. 1). Although there is no existing universal law behind the United Nations declaration with regards to the rights of the indigenous people, respecting their rights could prevent us from violating the existing human rights law. Specifically the act of preventing the Chamkas to have access equal to proper education, better employment opportunity, and medical assistance from the doctors and nurses is a form of racial or tribal discrimination. To uplift the

Building and construction Safety Technology Assignment

Building and construction Safety Technology - Assignment Example The paper tells that the construction workers are the people who will be using the hoist frequently, and therefore more likely to be injured by the hoist. To avoid accidents that might be caused by their negligence, it is important for them to be trained on how to use the hoist and some safety precautions. A material hoist should be manually controlled by a well trained operator so as to ensure safety of other workers lacking the technical knowhow of a material hoist operation. All the workers should be provided with a simple list of do’s and don’ts safety information to reduce the risk of self injury due to carelessness. The material hoist must be designed in such a way that it is enclosed in a compartment which has openings on each floor which will act as doors. Each opening should have a landing plate which will clutch the hoist when loading and offloading. The material hoist motor should have a speed governor and an equipment to measure the weight of the load being lifted. The maximum weight to be lifted by the hoist should be effectively communicated to the workers responsible for loading the hoist to avoid overloading. The lubrication of the bearings and gears should be as often as possible to avoid friction and wearing out of joints and wheels. This will also ensure that the hoist motor is not overloaded and reduce the risk of malfunction. The material hoist should be suspended from steel wire ropes of highest possible quality which corresponds with the weight to be lifted. ... This will also ensure that the hoist motor is not overloaded and reduce the risk of malfunction. The material hoist should be suspended from steel wire ropes of highest possible quality which corresponds with the weight to be lifted. The steel wires should have an allowance for environmental factors such as cold and hot weathers which cause expansion and contraction of the ropes. If overstretched, the ropes may break during cold seasons. A number of steel ropes should be used so that when one breaks others hold the hoist before repair is done (Craighead 210). The minimum diameter of the steel ropes should not be less than 8 millimeters. Other requirements Sound reduction is one of the emerging trends in the field of escalators. The sound of a material hoist should be as low as possible therefore increasing the ability to identify a problem with the hoist when it arises. Sound reducing rubber pads should be installed to eliminate noise and vibrations that might otherwise cause weakeni ng of the beam and the hoist’s frame work. It is recommendable to use stainless steel for the material hoist housing since it has a relatively small weight and yet high capacity of not getting torn apart when lifting heavy loads. Unless stated otherwise, stainless steel should be of EN 10029, EN 10048, EN 10095, EN 10259 or EN 10258 grades 316 or corresponding. Question2. Crane Safety Precautions A crane should be properly maintained and repaired when damaged to avoid its malfunctioning while lifting loads. Before a crane can be employed to lift iron bars, its capacity should be considered. A crane which has a low capacity to lift the weight of the iron bars should not be used; otherwise it may cause injury to those operating it. The hoist rating of the crane should be

The Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Social Media - Essay Example I support the view that ‘Social media is constructive’; it constructs relationships, it constructs one’s knowledge, and it is beneficial from personal to professional levels. Those who are in the habit of using social networking websites are more knowledgeable than ordinary people. Social networking websites, to be specific ‘Facebook’ which is the famous website used in the world, helps in cross-cultural communication, i.e. we communicate with people not only from different cities of our country but also with people all over the world. This communication helps to develop understanding of different cultures, lifestyles and opinions of people. During the communication different people share different experiences in the form of narratives and we in return share our experiences, this therefore leads to development of knowledge about experiences, cultures and people. One of the main roles that Facebook plays is that of reconnecting people and older acquaintances. This reconnection is so simple that a limited knowledge about the target person is enough to re-establish a relationship. There have been multiple incidents where departed relatives have met again only because of the social networking websites. In words of Browling (n.p), social networking websites provide a mean of reconnecting to the past. ‘Spread the word’ seems to be the major task of such websites. People create different communities and groups on Facebook. These groups can be any group based on any constructive idea promoting one common goal. Spreading the messages gets easier and faster through such websites. The examples are endless from all the corners of society, be it personal or professional. The point is clear that social media is more than a technology. It is a sub-culture adopted by the people around the globe. To conclude it can be said that this

Building and construction Safety Technology Assignment

Building and construction Safety Technology - Assignment Example The paper tells that the construction workers are the people who will be using the hoist frequently, and therefore more likely to be injured by the hoist. To avoid accidents that might be caused by their negligence, it is important for them to be trained on how to use the hoist and some safety precautions. A material hoist should be manually controlled by a well trained operator so as to ensure safety of other workers lacking the technical knowhow of a material hoist operation. All the workers should be provided with a simple list of do’s and don’ts safety information to reduce the risk of self injury due to carelessness. The material hoist must be designed in such a way that it is enclosed in a compartment which has openings on each floor which will act as doors. Each opening should have a landing plate which will clutch the hoist when loading and offloading. The material hoist motor should have a speed governor and an equipment to measure the weight of the load being lifted. The maximum weight to be lifted by the hoist should be effectively communicated to the workers responsible for loading the hoist to avoid overloading. The lubrication of the bearings and gears should be as often as possible to avoid friction and wearing out of joints and wheels. This will also ensure that the hoist motor is not overloaded and reduce the risk of malfunction. The material hoist should be suspended from steel wire ropes of highest possible quality which corresponds with the weight to be lifted. ... This will also ensure that the hoist motor is not overloaded and reduce the risk of malfunction. The material hoist should be suspended from steel wire ropes of highest possible quality which corresponds with the weight to be lifted. The steel wires should have an allowance for environmental factors such as cold and hot weathers which cause expansion and contraction of the ropes. If overstretched, the ropes may break during cold seasons. A number of steel ropes should be used so that when one breaks others hold the hoist before repair is done (Craighead 210). The minimum diameter of the steel ropes should not be less than 8 millimeters. Other requirements Sound reduction is one of the emerging trends in the field of escalators. The sound of a material hoist should be as low as possible therefore increasing the ability to identify a problem with the hoist when it arises. Sound reducing rubber pads should be installed to eliminate noise and vibrations that might otherwise cause weakeni ng of the beam and the hoist’s frame work. It is recommendable to use stainless steel for the material hoist housing since it has a relatively small weight and yet high capacity of not getting torn apart when lifting heavy loads. Unless stated otherwise, stainless steel should be of EN 10029, EN 10048, EN 10095, EN 10259 or EN 10258 grades 316 or corresponding. Question2. Crane Safety Precautions A crane should be properly maintained and repaired when damaged to avoid its malfunctioning while lifting loads. Before a crane can be employed to lift iron bars, its capacity should be considered. A crane which has a low capacity to lift the weight of the iron bars should not be used; otherwise it may cause injury to those operating it. The hoist rating of the crane should be

B202 Accounting & Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

B202 Accounting & Finance - Essay Example While analyzing the company financials certain parameters were kept in mind. The analysis is conducted in two segments .The first segment would focus on the comparison of financial ratios of the company among different periods. The later segment would be of the comparison of company financials vis a vis the ratios of the respective industry. The ratios those would take part in this analysis are briefly portrayed below. While calculating for the above ratios ‘revenue figures’ represents ‘sales’.Net profit margin ignores the profit those are paid out to its debt investors as interest and because of it, this ratio is not so effective while comparing between firms having different capital structures . The liquidity ratios come next. It’s very much important for a firm to keep a certain level of liquidity in its portfolio, so that if needed it can lay its hand on the liquid assets. These ratios may change rapidly as its components i.e. both the short terms assets and liabilities can get easily changed over time periods. Current assets consist of cash and other assets which can be turned into cash within very short period of time. Firm’s current liabilities consist of payments which is payable in near future. Thus current ratio tells us how much current assets is available to cover up the current liabilities. Some assets are closer to cash more than other assets. In difficult times, these more liquid assets can be used to repay the current liabilities. These kinds of assets mainly consist of cash and cash equivalents, short term securities and receivables from customers. Thus quick ratio is measured as The table below takes care of the liquidiy ratios. Though the current ratios had dropped by a certain amount in 2006 but thereafter the company has taken care of the same. This is very much visible by the stable growth in current ratio from